We carry 15 additional available dimensions for Stainless Steel 321 Sheet/Plate. Stainless Steel Specification and Composition Chart - Engineers Edge Distributors will offer small quantity buys while mills will generally only sell large quantities, with delivery times anywhere from 10 to 50 weeks depending on size and form required. We supply 321 stainless steel sheet in a variety of lengths and widths and can custom cut to your exact specifications. 2B Mill Finish, #4 Brushed Finish, #8 Mirror Finish.aakash steel carries huge selection of steel plate in 304 ,316, 321, 317L, 310 , 347 , 904L stainless steel alloys . This grade is enriched with excellent resistance and forming capacity. Nominal speeds and feeds for turning a variety of steels and cast irons with high-speed steel (HSS) single-point and box tools. 321 in non-magnetic w/similar corrosion resistance to type 304.This material is used for welded equipment that can't be annealed. 2. 321 Stainless Steel Sheet and AMS 5510 Plate/ ASTM A240 321 Coil Alloy 321/321H Heat Resistant Stainless Steel Plate - Sandmeyer Steel In addition, 304L can also be used for anti-sensitization and . The yield strength of SA 240 Gr 321 SS is about 280 Mpa, with its melting point falling between the temperature range of 2550 - 2635F.The SUS 321 plates are available in standard thickness from 4.8 mm up to 101.6 mm. . Therma 310S/4845 stainless steel. Grade 321 Stainless Steel Technical Data - ASKzn It was developed for enhanced creep resistance and for higher strength at temperatures above 1000oF (537C). A Wide Range of ASTM A580 321 Stainless Steel Wire at Best Price. Stainless Steel 321 Pipe, A312 Tp 321 SS Seamless/Welded Tubes Suppliers ASTM A/ASME SA213/A249/A269. Stainless Steel 321 / 321H Butt weld Fittings Manufacturer Name. AISI 321 Stainless Steel (UNS S32100) | Forging Materials - Forged Product SS 321 is offered in Sheet, Strip, Plate, Foil (Shim) in numerous thicknesses. Stainless steel tube: 321 : WS 1.4541 Z10CNNb18-11 : BS T68 Stainless steel tube : BS T72 Stainless steel tube: 347 : DTD 5082 Steel, Non-corrosion resistant : AFNOR 25C04 . Form : Round, Square, Hex (A/F), Rectangle, Billet, Ingot, Forging Etc. . These SS DIN 1.4541 Welded Pipes and Tubes cannot be hardened by thermal treatment. This material maintains its corrosion resistance in temperatures up to 1500 F.. Foil is often used as a heat-treating wrap in temperatures up to 2600 F. It is furnished with a crimping tool.. For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number. Navrang Steel is a leading supplier and exporter of Stainless Steel 321/ 321H Welded Pipe In Mumbai, India., ASTM A312 Tp 321 Stainless Steel Welded Pipes, 1.4541, 1.4878 Welded Pipes, AISI 321 Round Welded Pipe in Mumbai, India. stainless steel s32109 pipe weight per foot, 321 stainless steel pipes specification, 321h stainless steel pipes weight, 321 large diameter stainless steel pipes, sus 321 . Stainless Steel 321 / 321H Pipes and Tubes - Bhagyalaxmi Industrial US $1500-4500 / Metric Ton. ASTM A240 Type 321 is an excellent choice for applications where temperature is a problem. We Supply Stainless Steel 321 Seamless Pipe in various cities such as Delhi, Gujarat and much more +91 98196 96690 info@inox-steelindia.com. Item: 321 Stainless Steel Sheet(Hot rolled, cold rolled) Standard : ASTM A240, JIS4304-2005, ASTM A167, EN10088-2-2005, GB/T3280-2007, etc: Material: 321 Stainless Steel Sheet SS 321 Sheet UNS S32100 Sheet Ams 5510 Sheet Ams 5510 Plate Ams 5510 Strip: AISI 321 Stainless Steel Round Bars Specification. Compared with 304 alloy, 321 stainless steel has better ductility and resistance to stress fracture. SS 321 is offered in Sheet, Strip, Plate, Foil (Shim) in numerous thicknesses. In most instances, the carbon content of the coil enables dual certification. 321 stainless steel channel sections - quality 321 stainless steel The addition of titanium, making it effective control of the formation of chromium carbides. Stress-relieving treatments. Length : Max 12000 mm. The addition of titanium, making it effective control of the formation of chromium carbides. Excellent formability and weldability. 1.4541 . Diameter : 5.5 - 400 mm. 1.4541 Wire Mesh Manufacturer in India. 321 and 321H Stainless Steel - Properties - Penn Stainless Piyush Steel is Well known Supplier and Manufacturer of Stainless Steel 321 Flanges. Grade 321 has excellent forming and welding . 0.35mm to 6.35mm OD in thickness ranging from 0.1mm to 1.2mm. Standards: ASTM / ASME . Plate Specification Supplier of 321 Stainless Steel Plate and ASTM A240 321 Perforated Sheet in 2B, No.4, BA PE Surface Finishes, ask for a free sample now! Stainless 321 Specifications . Stainless Steel 321 Wire, SS 321 Filler Wire, Stainless Steel UNS AMS 5645. AISI 321 stainless steel channel beam hot-rolled NO.1 6m length 65*40*4 Type 321 is a chromium-nickel stainless steel and with the addition of titanium, type 321 is resistant to intergranular corrosion. A titanium stabilized austenitic stainless steel, 321 stainless, offers excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion post exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range (800 - 1500F, 427 - 816C).. This grade is suitable for high-temperature applications up to 1500F (815C), where the addition of titanium stabilizes the material against chromium carbide formation. Grade 321 is the grade of choice for applications in the temperature . 321 stainless steel coil and sheet is part of the austenitic family of stainless steel. Grade UNS No Old British Euronorm Swedish SS Japanese JIS . BS. Aisi 321 Stainless Steel Channel Beam Hot-rolled No.1 6m Length 65*40*4.8mm High Quality , Find Complete Details about Aisi 321 Stainless Steel Channel Beam Hot-rolled No.1 6m Length 65*40*4.8mm High Quality,321 Stainless Steel Channel Beam,Hot-rolled Stainless Steel Channel Beam,Aisi Stainless Steel Channel Beam from Stainless Steel Channels Supplier or Manufacturer-Jiangsu Xuda Steel Co., Ltd. FIRST - AID MEASURES First Aid - Skin Seek medical help for serious cuts or lacerations or if irritation from contact with dusts persists. Condition. The chemical composition of Stainless Steel 321 is . 321 resists scaling at higher temperatures. Stainless Steel 321/ AMS 5510/ Alloy 321/ AMS 5645 - Aircraft Materials Type 321 is a good choice for applications where heat is an issue. Grade 321 stainless steel (1.4541) is a heat resistant grade. Grade specifications for 321 grade stainless steel. Chemical Composition of 321 and 321H Stainless Steel Plate. ASTM A240 321 stainless steel is a Ni-Cr-Ti type austenitic stainless steel, its performance is very similar to the 304, but due to the addition of titanium, it has a better intergranular corrosion resistance and high temperature strength. Type 321 is a stabilized stainless steel which offers as its main advantage an excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion following exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range from 800 to 1500 F (427 to 816 C). PED approved Stainless Steel 321 Sheet supplier in India, buy ASTM A240 Type 321 Coil/ Plate/ Strip at low cost in Mumbai, AMS 5510 Sheet in various sizes, thickness and finishes. ASTM A240 Type 321 is an excellent choice for applications where temperature is a problem. Type 321 stainless steel is a stabilized austenitic stainless steel similar to Type 304, but with at least five times as much titanium added as carbon. SS UNS S32100 Fencing Wiremesh, Exporters of ASTM SA 164 321 Stainless Steel Wire Mesh, Stainless Steel WERKSTOFF NR. Stainless Steel 321/321H Wire Mesh - ganpatind.com US $700-1000 / Metric Ton. Grade 321 is an austenitic chromium-nickel stabilized grade with an addition of titanium in it. Finish: Black, Bright Polished, Rough Turned, NO.4 Finish, Matt Finish, BA Finish. 321stainless steel is a stabilized stainless steel which offers as its main advantage an excellent resistance to inter-granular corrosion following exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range from 800 to 1500 F (427 to 816 C). 321 can be used in applications up to 900 degrees Celsius where 321 is normally used up to 500 degrees Celsius. Euronorm. aisi 321 cold/hot roll NO.1, 2B, NO.3 NO.4 stainless steel Coil. Depth of cut, mm (in) High-speed steel tool. The best offer of aisi 321 stainless steel coil. Pipe Specification : ASTM A182 / ASME SA182. aakash steel is leading suppliers and manufacturers of Stainless Steel 321 Plate , cut to your size requirements. ASTM, ASME and API. 321 Stainless Steel | 321 Tubing - Michlin Metals Material Specification for SS 321. This material is also stronger than 304 stainless. Specification of Stainless Steel 321 Welded Pipe. This titanium addition reduces or prevents carbide precipitation during welding and in 800 - 1500F service. cold rolled steel coil 321. Tool material. Stainless Steel 321: Austenitic SS 321 & Chemical Composition Material Meets These Standard (s): ASTM-A240, ASTM-A480, AMS-5510. 321 Stainless Steel | McMaster-Carr 321 stainless steel has advantages in high temperature environment due to its excellent mechanical properties. Request a Quote. Stainless Steel 321 Sheet - Steel Tubes India Zapp - Stainless Steel (301, 302, 304, 304L, 305, 309, 310, 310S, 316, 316L, 321, 347, 350, 430, 17-7PH, 18SR) Version Date: January 25, 2011 Page 3 of 8 4. Grade 321 stainless steel machinability is 36% in annealed conditoin based on a machinability rating of 100% for 1212 steel. Availability. Alloy 321 stainless steel coil cannot be hardened by heat treatment,. AISI 321 Stainless Steel Properties, SS321 TP321 321H - The World Material Cut to size plate sheet, Cut to length round bar. See Stainless Steel Tolerances. At Rajendra Steel Centre, we manufacture highly durable and excellent quality Stainless Steel 321 Pipes.We are a globally appreciated name that deals with the trading, manufacturing, exporting, distributing, and supplying a wide range of Stainless Steel 321H Pipes.We are offering these pipes in various types, sizes, specifications, standards, dimensions, and wall thickness as per the need and . . C63000 Nickel Aluminium Bronze. ASTM A276 AISI 321 Stainless Steel Round Bar - Aashish Steel Thickness: 4mm-100mm: Width: 1000mm, 1219mm, 1500mm, 1800mm, 2000mm, 2500mm, 3000mm, 3500mm, etc: Length: 2000mm . Type 321 is a good choice for applications where heat is an issue. 321 Stainless Steel Sheet - Sanghvi Enterprise Specifications. Like all other kinds of steel, stainless steel is made primarily from iron and carbon in a two-step process. SS 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes. The alloy resists oxidation to 1500F (816C) and has higher creep and Density: 0.287 lb/in3: Ultimate Tensile Strength: 92.5 ksi: Yield . Stainless 321 is a chromium-nickel steel which was developed with improved intergranular-corrosion resistance. We maintain huge ready stock of Stainless Steel UNS S32100, 1.4541 Pipe Flanges. 321 is basically a 321 grade containing a stabilizer of titanium. 321 Stainless Steel Sheet | En 1.4541 AISI 321 Sheet Manufacturer European Specification: Other: 301 Annealed: AMS 5901 Annealed sheet /strip AMS 5902 3/4 Hard Sheet / Strip MIL-S-5059: ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 ASTM A666 / ASME SA666: BS . Recommended annealing temperature for TP321 and 321 wrought stainless steel: 1040 C (1900 F); Minimum 1095 C (2000 F) for cold-worked 321H and 1050 C (1095 F) for hot-finished 321H. Ganpat Industrial Corporation is a well-known firm that exports and trades a wide range of SS 321 / 321H Wire Mesh, which improves the elevated temperature properties of the alloy. For dimensional stability: Stress relieve at 205 to 480 C (400 to 900 F) and then slow cool (usual time, 4 h per inch . Order 0.032" Stainless Sheet 321 Online, Thickness: 1/32" - Online Metals This grade is typically used in the 800-1500F temperature range where it is stabilized against chromium carbide precipitation by the addition of titanium, which results in the precipitation of titanium carbides. Stainless Steel 321 Seamless Pipe Manufacturer & Supplier in India stainless-steel 321 Product Guide from Online Metals Naval Brass/SAE J461 Naval Brass. Type 321 is stabilized against chromium carbide formation by the addition of . Length: 1 to 6 Meters, Custom Cut Lengths. . 321 Stainless Steel Round Bar | AISI 321 Bar | ssroundbar ASTM A313 ASTM A240 ASTM A479 BS EN 10088-3:2014. We keeps Ready Stock Inventory of ASTM A240 321 Stainless Steel Plates in India, SS Plates. These grades are used because they are not sensitive to intergranular corrosion after heating within the carbide precipitation range of 425-850 C. Call : +91-9820814560 or Send Enquiry. Home; About. When welding 304 type stainless steel to 321, welding can be carried out using ER321 type electrode or ER308L type. Since titanium has a stronger affinity . UNS S32100 SS Sheet has high heat bearing properties . 321 Stainless Steel has excellent intergranular corrosion resistance after exposure to this temperature range, and this grade resists oxidation up to 1500F and has higher creep and stress rupture properties than 304 SS. Grade. Also, the addition of titanium means that welding is not suggested for this alloy. Thickness. 321 can be used in applications up to 900C where 304 is normally used up to 500C. How To Weld SS 321 Stainless Steel, 321 To Carbon Steel - Material Welding China 321 Stainless Steel Coil Specification Suppliers, Manufacturers PDF Specification Sheet: Alloy 321/321H - Sandmeyer Steel 321S31. EN . Specification: ASTM A312 / ASME SA312: Size: 5.0 mm - 1219.2 mm: Thickness: 0.032". Alloy & Stainless Steels - Aircraft Materials Distributor Prime ASTM A240 321 Stainless Plate from Aperam, Acerinox, Jindal, Outokumpu Brand Material in Hot Rolled and Cold Rolled Form with No.1 Finish, Mill Finish, 2B Finish Available to Supply Worldwide. 321 Stainless Steel Tubes - LEOSCOR ALLOYS . In most instances, the carbon content of the plate enables dual certification. 321 Stainless Steel Plate - TW Metals 1] Scope - Seamless, straight-seam welded, and severely cold worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe suitable for high-temperature and general corrosive service are covered by this specification. Description. Stainless Steel 321/321H Pipes Manufacturer in Mumbai, India ASTM A312 TP 321 Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporters Distributors in India. Stainless Sheet/Plate 321 provides high strength, high temperature capability, and resistance to intergranular corrosion. Type 321 is a stabilized stainless steel which offers as its main advantage an excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion following exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range from 800 to 1500 F (427 to 816 C). Type 321 is a titanium stabilized chromium nickel austenitic stainless steel with corrosion resistance similar to 304/304L. SS 321 Pipe Thickness Range: 0.3mm - 50 mm, SCH 5, SCH10, SCH 40, SCH 80, SCH 80S, SCH 160, SCH XXS, SCH XS Dimension Standard : ANSI/ASME B16.5, B 16.47 Series A & B . Standard Specification Of 321 Plate. Dimensions. 321 has at most 0.08% while 321H contains between 0.04% and 0.10% carbon. SS 321 Tubes. 1.4541, Grade 321, Alloy 321, AISI 321, TYPE 321, UNS S32100, X6CrNiTi18-10, ASTM A240, 321H, 321 Stainless, T.321, ss321, 321ss, 321 High Quality ASTM A240 321 SS Plate in Range 0.6 mm to 80 mm, in width of 1250 mm / 1500 mm . PDF MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Stainless Steel (301, 302, 304, 304L, 305 US $400-800 / Ton. Specifications. ASTM 169 C61400 Aluminum Bronze Pipe. They both contain at most 2.0% manganese, 0.75% silicon and 0.045% phosphorous. Stainless Steel 321/ 321H Welded Pipe In Mumbai, India. - Navrang Steel 58B, 58C. 321 Stainless Steel Plate is designed with a chemical composition of 17% to . SS 321 Flat Bars: 1 / 2" to 10" in thickness range of 1.6mm to 150mm, Custom Size Stainless Steel Flats available. 321 Stainless Steel Coil Specification. Japanese JIS. Our offered range of 321 Stainless Steel Round Bar is widely used in piping, fittings, machine tools, dairy equipments and in printing press. I to V ASTM A789/A790; Sizes . 321 Stainless Steel - AMS 5510, AMS 5645 - upmet.com Solitaire Overseas is a manufacturer and exporter of Stainless Steel 321 & 321H Pipes in Mumbai, India. Its resistance to sensitization, coupled with its higher strength at high temperature makes it suitable in application where CS 304 will become sensitized, or where CS 304L has insufficient hot strength. Toggle navigation. Type 321 Stainless Steel in ASTM A240 Specification 321 Stainless Steel Bar - (annealed condition) | TW Metals Learn important details about stainless-steel 321 and other metals using the OnlineMetals.com Product Guide. Type 321 should be used for applications requiring heating between . Neelcon Steel is one of the leading manufacturers and, Supplier of Stainless Steel 321 Pipe, SS 321 pipes, SS 321 ERW Tubes, SS EFW 321 Pipes, ASTM A312 Tp 321 Welded Pipes, Stainless Steel UNS S32100 Pipes at best price in India . CS 321 is a titanium-stabilised version of CS 304, used in particular applications within the sensitizing temperature range. 321 Stainless Steel is an austenitic stainless steel that is stabilized with titanium. Product Name: Stainless steel coil . Fabricated with premium quality raw materials these . 321 Stainless Steel Square Pipe, Material Grade: SS321, Thickness: 2 mm . Read More Specifications See Product Guide. Most popular of stainless steels. We offer Stainless Steel 321 Washers, SS 321 Washers, 321 Steel Flat Washers, UNS S32100 Square Washer, SS 321 Machine Washer at best price. Manufacturing Process; . Stainless Steel 321/321H Pipes Supplier, Manufacturer Stainless Steel 321 Flanges - Manufacturer, Supplier - Piyush Steel Stainless Steel - Grade 321 (UNS S32100) - AZoM.com ASTM A312 321 SS Square Seamless Pipes. 321 stainless steel Data Sheet - Quest 4 Alloys 321 stainless steel is a kind of material with excellent Stress Rupture property and Creep Resistance of high temperature Stress mechanical property, which are better than 304 stainless steel. ASTM A312 TP 321 Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe Grade and Specification Specifications: ASTM A/ASME SA213/A249/A269/A312/A358 CL. SUS Inox 201 304 304l 316 316l 309s 310s 321 904l 4 Inch Stainless Steel Channel Sections Price What other metal is in stainless steel? The detailed material specification, equivalent grades of SS321 is given in below table. 321 Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, Round Bar, Pipes, Tubes & Fittings GENERAL PROPERTIES. However, these are automatic also our staff engineers keep a constant eye on production. Stainless 321 / AISI 321. 321 Stainless Steel - Fighter Jet Metals 321 also contains chromium as well as nickel and in addition to the titanium, provides improved inter-granular corrosion resistance. The titanium content in SS 321 Stainless Steel helps it prevent carbide . Type 321 is stabilized against chromium carbide formation by the addition of . Alloy 321 (UNS S32100) is a titanium stabilized austenitic stainless steel with good general corrosion resistance. Type 321 Stainless Steel in ASTM A240 Specification Stainless Steel 321 Round Bar, SS 321 Bar, S32100 Rods Stockists Elbow, 321 SS Long Radius, Short Radius Elbow, 321H SS 3D, 5D, 10 Butt weld Elbow Supplier in Mumbai, India. Stainless Steel 321, UNS S32100, 321 Stainless, Type 321 - Mega Mex The EN equivalent material grade of SS 321 is X6CtNiTi18-10. Order 0.016" Stainless Sheet 321 Online, Thickness: 1/64" - Online Metals Therma range | Heat-resistant stainless steels | 321 | 310 | 309 Austenitic 321 stainless steel, also named niobium nitrogen alloy is a highly stabilized chromium-titanium steel with extra-ordinary oxidation resistance properties and creep strength. . Technical Data Sheet. Grade specifications for 321 Stainless Steel Pipes & Tubes. 321 Stainless Steel Sheet - Aesteiron Grades 321 and 347 are the basic austenitic 18/8 steel (Grade 304) stabilized by Titanium (321) or Niobium (347) additions. The titanium content of 321 stainless steel preserves corrosion resistance around weld points. Butt weld Elbow: AISI 321 Buttweld Elbow, ASTM A403 WP321 Seamless Elbow, SS 321 Pipe Elbow Stockist, SUS 321H Welded Elbow, 321 Stainless Steel 90 Degree Elbow, UNS S32100 ,S32109 Buttweld Elbow, 1.4541, 1.4878 Pipe Elbow, ANSI B16.9 SS 321H Butt weld Elbow, ASME SA403 WP321 180 Deg. AMS 5689 . This is a standard austenitic 18/8 stainless steel grade, (304), but stabilized by Titanium. We customize the Stainless Steel 321 Seamless Pipe based on the customer's specifications and drawings. 321 Stainless Steel Technical Data Sheet - metal shims Because of its economy and good resistance to oxidation and corrosion, this stainless offer many opportunities for a wide range of parts. AMS 5510. It is . 321 BARS & FORGINGS. . S32100. 321 STAINLESS STEEL SPECIFICATIONS. 321 Stainless Steel Sheet Specification. We also Supply and Stock ASTM A213 TP 321/321H Pipes in India. Save up to 60% on Select Carbon Steel Sheet/Plate Today! ASTM AMS; A167: 5510 : 5645: Physical Properties 321 . 321 stainless steel is stabilized against chromium carbide formation by the addition of . Aluminium Brass C68700 Seamless Tubes. . 321 Stainless steel sheet 321 Stainless Steel Coil - Zhongsheng Steel 321 Stainless Steel Sheet | SS 321 Plate | AMS 5510 Strip/Coil Supplier The components are a metal of choice in . 321 Stainless Steel. Stainless Steel 321 Washers, SS 321 Washers, SS 321 Flat Washers, 321 GENERAL PROPERTIES. 321 stainless steel plates are part of the austenitic family of stainless steel. 321 Stainless Steel Coil Specifications: It was developed for enhanced creep resistance and for higher strength at temperatures above 1000oF (537C). 321 Stainless Steel (1.4541) - Nationwide Stainless 321 Stainless Steel Material Property Data Sheet - Product availability Stock Size Range and Specifications For Stainless Steel 321 Flanges. This material is stocked primarily in Flat Rolled . Specification : ASTM A580 ASME SA580 / ASTM A313 ASME SA313. Stainless Steel 321 Wire Specification. It contains titanium, which stabilizes against chromium carbide formation. ASTM A312 TP 321 Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe - Victor Steel Go through with Stainless Steel 304 specification, corrosion resistance, material properties, density, chemical composition, Properties, rust and melting point before using in your application . Stainless Steel 321 - Alloy Wire International It has excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion after exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 800-1500F (427-816C). Stainless Steel 321 Pipe - Steel Tubes India No. ASTM A312 Stainless Steel TP 321 Capillary Pipe. Outside Diameter: 6.00 mm OD up to 914.4 mm OD, Sizes up to 24" NB available Ex-stock, OD Size Steel Tubes available Ex-stock. Stainless Steel 321 Flanges - Dynamic Forge & Fittings Stainless Steel 321 Plate Grade and Specification. Therma 310S/4865 is an austenitic product with very good oxidation resistance in general and good oxidation resistance in mildly cyclic conditions that is best employed in temperatures up to 1050C/1920F. 304 Stainless Steel VS 321 Stainless Steel - Siddhagiri Metal ASTM A240 321 stainless steel is a Ni-Cr-Ti type austenitic stainless steel, its performance is very similar to the 304, but due to the addition of titanium, it has a better intergranular corrosion resistance and high temperature strength. Chemical Composition. Material. The difference between 321 and 321H grades lies in the amount of carbon contained within each metal. Stainless Steel 321 Washers Specifications: Specifications: IS, BS, ASTM: Standard: ASTM / ASME - A/ SA 193: Length: 3 mm to . Also find Stainless Steel Square Pipe price list | ID: 14654140512 409 - Lowest cost stainless - used extensively in automotive exhaust systems.